1. 動名詞 (gerund) 是由動詞加 “-ing" 所形成的名詞。動詞 eat 的動名詞為 eating。動名詞在句子中可用作主詞、受詞或補語。動名詞當主詞時,接單數動詞。
例句:
- Smoking damages your lungs. (抽菸會破壞你的肺) - 主詞。
- You should quit smoking. (你應該戒菸) - 受詞。
- Her favorite hobby is smoking. (她最喜歡的嗜好是抽菸) - 補語。
動名詞可以在其前加上 not 來變成否定。
例句:
- I enjoy not working in cold weather. (我喜歡天冷不用上班)
- The best thing for your health is not smoking. (對你健康最有益的事就是不抽菸)
2. 不定詞 (infinitive) 是帶 “to" 的動詞。動詞 read 的不定詞為 to read。不定詞在句子中也可用作主詞、受詞或補語。不定詞當主詞時,也是接單數動詞。
例句:
- To read helps you learn English. (閱讀有助於你學習英文) - 主詞。
- John wants to read. (約翰想要閱讀) - 受詞。
- The most important learning method is to read. (最重要的學習方法就是閱讀) - 補語。
不定詞可以在其前加上 not 來變成否定。
例句:
- Helen decided not to marry. (海倫決定不結婚了)
- The most important thing is not to eat too much. (最重要的事就是別吃太多)
3. 雖然動名詞和不定詞在句中皆可用作主詞或補語,但在口語中,動名詞聽起來會比較正常、自然,而不定詞聽起來則比較抽象。在下面的例句中,動名詞聽起來比較自然,所以在日常生活中比較常用或常見。不定詞強調的是某事的可能性,聽起來比較抽象。如果讀者一時之間還搞不太懂上面的說明,那也沒關係,只要記住一件事就好:90% 的場合或時機都是使用動名詞當主詞或補語。
例句:
- Reading is important. (閱讀很重要) - 正常的主詞。
- To read is important. (閱讀很重要) - 抽象的主詞,比較少用或少見。
- The most important learning method is reading. (最重要的學習方法就是閱讀) - 正常的補語。
- The most important learning method is to read. (最重要的學習方法就是閱讀) - 抽象的補語,比較少用或少見。
4. 至於動名詞和不定詞在句中用作受詞的情況,到底要選擇何者則比較困難。在這類情況中,動名詞和不定詞通常不能互換。一般而言,到底是要使用動名詞還是不定詞,是由句子的主動詞來決定。
例句:
- Julia enjoys dancing. (茱莉亞喜歡跳舞) - “Enjoy" 後接動名詞當受詞。
- Donald wants to dance. (唐納德想要跳舞) - “Want" 後接不定詞當受詞。
5. 有些動詞後接動名詞當受詞。
例句:
- Esther suggested going to the movies. (艾絲達提議去看電影)
- Julian keeps talking about his problems. (朱利安繼續談著他的問題)
茲將常見的後接動名詞當受詞的動詞臚列如下:
Admit, advise, allow, anticipate, appreciate, avoid, begin, can’t bear, can’t help, can’t see, can’t stand, cease, complete, consider, continue, defend, delay, deny, despise, discuss, dislike, don’t mind, dread, encourage, enjoy, finish, forget, hate, imagine, involve, keep, like, love, mention, mind, miss, need, neglect, permit, postpone, practice, prefer, propose, quit, recall, recollect, recommend, regret, remember, report, require, resent, resist, risk, start, stop, suggest, tolerate, try, understand, urge
其中
Advise, allow, encourage, permit, require, urge 亦可接受詞 + 不定詞。
Dread, finish, forget, need, quit, regret, remember, stop, try 亦可接不定詞,但兩者意思不同。
Begin, can’t bear, can’t stand, cease, continue, hate, like, love, neglect, prefer, propose, start 亦可接不定詞,但兩者意思相似。
6. 有些動詞後接不定詞當受詞。
例句:
- Esther wants to go to the movies. (艾絲達想要去看電影)
- Julian needs to talk about his problems. (朱利安需要談談他的問題)
茲將常見的後接不定詞當受詞的動詞臚列如下:
Agree, appear, arrange, ask, begin, can’t bear, can’t stand, care, cease, choose, claim, continue, decide, demand, deserve, dread, expect, fail, forget, happen, hate, hesitate, hope, intend, learn, like, love, manage, need, neglect, offer, plan, prefer, prepare, pretend, promise, propose, refuse, regret, remember, seem, start, stop, swear, tend, threaten, try, vow, wait, want, wish, would like, yearn
其中
Ask, choose, expect, need, prepare, promise, threaten, want, wish, would like 亦可接受詞 + 不定詞。
Dread, forget, need, regret, remember, stop, try 亦可接動名詞,但兩者意思不同。
Begin, can’t bear, can’t stand, cease, continue, hate, like, love, neglect, prefer, propose, start 亦可接動名詞,但兩者意思相似。
文章連結:http://englishhome.org/learning-grammar_contents/
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